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To evaluate the effects of deterioration of the working surface of porcelain stoneware tiles as a result of polishing, specific bending strength tests were performed on specimens obtained by cutting polished and unpolished tile samples. The results were analysed to determine their variations and scattering and to estimate the reliability of the selected materials. Further tests performed on the working surface, in particular measurements of roughness and Vickers hardness, together with microstructural observations, allowed to understand the different behaviour of the products.
On this Part I of this paper that deals with the main trends on the research in ceramic pigments field, the introduction of new ceramic pigments based on perovskite (YAlO3), garnet (YAG), cerianite or piroxene structures are discussed in order to achieve the desired properties of thermostabilty, chemical stability and low toxicity to satisfy health and environmental requirements.
The possibility of modifying a body mix, industrially used for the production of bricks and roofing tile with soda-lime scrap glass, deriving from urban wastes, has been evaluated. The results have been promising as the new ceramics developed presented improved physico-mechanical characteristics.
This study allowed to identify the main causes of deterioration of the materials used in the walls of the fortress town of Terra del Sole (Forlì, Italy), built in the sixteenth century, in order to plan a correct methodology of restoration. Samples of bricks and mortars, coming from well-defined positions, were characterised by chemical, mineralogical, thermal and pore size distribution analyses. The surface morphology of the samples, observed by SEM, and the study of the biological species growing on the walls allowed to evaluate the level of deterioration of the monument. Biodeterioration resulted the main cause of deterioration of the walls, but also the porous texture of the bricks fired at relatively low temperatures contributed to increase the conservation problems.
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